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Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is caused by loss of dystrophin protein, leading to progressive muscle weakness and premature death due to respiratory and/or cardiac complications. Cardiac involvement is characterized by progressive dilated cardiomyopathy, decreased fractional shortening and metabolic dysfunction involving reduced metabolism of fatty acids-the major cardiac metabolic substrate. Several mouse models have been developed to study molecular and pathological consequences of dystrophin deficiency, but do not recapitulate all aspects of human disease pathology and exhibit a mild cardiac phenotype. Here we demonstrate that Cmah (cytidine monophosphate-sialic acid hydroxylase)-deficient mdx mice (Cmah-/-;mdx) have an accelerated cardiac phenotype compared to the established mdx model. Cmah-/-;mdx mice display earlier functional deterioration, specifically a reduction in right ventricle (RV) ejection fraction and stroke volume (SV) at 12 weeks of age and decreased left ventricle diastolic volume with subsequent reduced SV compared to mdx mice by 24 weeks. They further show earlier elevation of cardiac damage markers for fibrosis (Ctgf), oxidative damage (Nox4) and haemodynamic load (Nppa). Cardiac metabolic substrate requirement was assessed using hyperpolarized magnetic resonance spectroscopy indicating increased in vivo glycolytic flux in Cmah-/-;mdx mice. Early upregulation of mitochondrial genes (Ucp3 and Cpt1) and downregulation of key glycolytic genes (Pdk1, Pdk4, Ppara), also denote disturbed cardiac metabolism and shift towards glucose utilization in Cmah-/-;mdx mice. Moreover, we show long-term treatment with peptide-conjugated exon skipping antisense oligonucleotides (20-week regimen), resulted in 20% cardiac dystrophin protein restoration and significantly improved RV cardiac function. Therefore, Cmah-/-;mdx mice represent an appropriate model for evaluating cardiac benefit of novel DMD therapeutics.

Original publication

DOI

10.1093/hmg/ddy346

Type

Journal article

Journal

Hum Mol Genet

Publication Date

01/02/2019

Volume

28

Pages

396 - 406

Keywords

Animals, Cardiomyopathy, Dilated, Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase, Connective Tissue Growth Factor, Cytidine Monophosphate, Disease Models, Animal, Dystrophin, Exons, Genetic Therapy, Heart, Male, Mice, Mice, Inbred mdx, Mixed Function Oxygenases, Morpholinos, Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne, Myocardium, NADPH Oxidase 4, Oligonucleotides, Antisense, Peptides, Phenotype, Stroke Volume, Uncoupling Protein 3, Ventricular Function, Right