Contribution of autosomal rare and de novo variants to sex differences in autism
Koko M., Satterstrom FK., Aleksic B., Artomov M., Barbosa M., Benetti E., Betancur C., Biscaldi-Schafer M., Børglum AD., Brand H., Brusco A., Buxbaum JD., Campos G., Cardaropoli S., Carli D., Carracedo A., Chan MCY., Chiocchetti AG., Chung BHY., Collins B., Collins RL., Cook EH., Coon H., Costa CIS., Cuccaro ML., Cutler DJ., Daly MJ., De Rubeis S., Devlin B., Doan RN., Domenici E., Dong S., Fallerini C., Fernández-Prieto M., Ferrero GB., Freitag CM., Fu JM., Gargus JJ., Gerges S., Giorgio E., Girardi AC., Guter S., Hansen-Kiss E., Herman GE., Hertz-Picciotto I., Hougaard DM., Hultman CM., Jacob S., Kaartinen M., Klei L., Kolevzon A., Kushima I., Lee SL., Lehtimäki T., Liang L., Lintas C., Ljungdahl A., Lo Rizzo C., Ludena Y., Maciel P., Mahjani B., Maltman N., Manara M., Manoach DS., Meiri G., Menashe I., Miller J., Minshew N., Mosconi M., Nguyen R., Ozaki N., Palotie A., Parellada M., Passos-Bueno MR., Pavinato L., Peng M., Pericak-Vance M., Persico AM., Pessah IN., Puura K., Reichenberg A., Renieri A., Roeder K., Sanders SJ., Sandin S., Scherer SW., Schlitt S., Schmidt RJ., Schmitt L., Schneider-Momm K., Siper PM., Sloofman L., Smith M., Stevens CR., Suren P., Sutcliffe JS., Sweeney JA., Talkowski ME., Tassone F.
Autism is four times more prevalent in males than females. To study whether this reflects a difference in genetic predisposition attributed to autosomal rare variants, we evaluated sex differences in effect size of damaging protein-truncating and missense variants on autism predisposition in 47,061 autistic individuals using a liability model with differing thresholds. Given the sex differences in the rates of cognitive impairment among autistic individuals, we also compared effect sizes of rare variants between individuals with and without cognitive impairment or motor delay. Although these variants mediated different likelihoods of autism with versus without cognitive or motor difficulties, their effect sizes on the liability scale did not differ significantly by sex exome wide or in genes sex-differentially expressed in the cortex. De novo mutations were enriched in genes with male-biased expression in the adult cortex, but these genes did not show a significant sex difference on the liability scale, nor did the liability conferred by these genes differ significantly from other genes with similar loss-of-function intolerance and sex-averaged cortical expression. Exome-wide female bias in de novo protein-truncating mutation rates on the observed scale was driven by high-confidence and syndromic autism-predisposition genes. In summary, autosomal rare and damaging coding variants confer similar liability for autism in females and males.