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Found 2710 matches for

  • Crohn's Disease in Niemann-Pick Disease Type C1: Caught in the Cross-Fire of Host-Microbial Interactions.

    14 June 2018

  • Differences in Immunization Site Pain in Toddlers Vaccinated with Either the 10- or the 13-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine.

    14 June 2018

    We investigated immediate immunization pain in 12-month-old children randomized to receive a booster dose of either the 10- (PCV-10) or the 13-valent (PCV-13) pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. Pain was assessed using validated pain assessment tools and crying time. PCV-13 recipients had significantly higher scores on the observer-rated modified behavioral pain scale than did those receiving PCV-10, but the differences were small.Clinical trial registration at Clinicaltrials.gov (NCT01443416).

  • Genetic variation in VAC14 is associated with bacteremia secondary to diverse pathogens in African children.

    12 June 2018

  • Translating Immunology into Therapeutic Concepts for Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

    18 June 2018

    Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) defines a spectrum of complex disorders. Understanding how environmental risk factors, alterations of the intestinal microbiota, and polygenetic and epigenetic susceptibility impact on immune pathways is key for developing targeted therapies. Mechanistic understanding of polygenic IBD is complemented by Mendelian disorders that present with IBD, pharmacological interventions that cause colitis, autoimmunity, and multiple animal models. Collectively, this multifactorial pathogenesis supports a concept of immune checkpoints that control microbial-host interactions in the gut by modulating innate and adaptive immunity, as well as epithelial and mesenchymal cell responses. In addition to classical immunosuppressive strategies, we discuss how resetting the microbiota and restoring innate immune responses, in particular autophagy and epithelial barrier function, might be key for maintaining remission or preventing IBD. Targeting checkpoints in genetically stratified subgroups of patients with Mendelian disorder-associated IBD increasingly directs treatment strategies as part of personalized medicine.

  • Antibody Concentrations Decrease 14-Fold in Children With Celiac Disease on a Gluten-Free Diet but Remain High at 3 Months.

    14 June 2018

    BACKGROUND & AIMS: Celiac disease can be identified by a serologic test for IgA against tissue transglutaminase (IgA-TTG) in a large proportion of children. However, the increased concentrations of antibody rarely normalize within the months after children are placed on a gluten-free diet (GFD). Early serologic predictors of sufficient adherence to gluten-free diet are required for optimal treatment. METHODS: In a prospective study, we observed the response to a GFD in 345 pediatric patients (67% girls; mean age, 8.4 y) who underwent duodenal biopsy to confirm or refute celiac disease from October 2012 through December 2015. Baseline serum samples were tested centrally for IgA-TTG and IgG against deamidated gliadin. Follow-up serologic analyses of children on a GFD were performed about 3 months later. RESULTS: The geometric mean concentration of IgA-TTG decreased from 72.4-fold to 5.2-fold the upper limit of normal (ULN), or by a factor of 14.0 (95% CI, 12.0-16.4). A substantial response (defined as a larger change than the typical variation in patients not on a GFD) was observed in 80.6% of the children. Only 28.1% of patients had a substantial response in the concentration of IgG against deamidated gliadin. Concentration of IgA-TTG remained above 1-fold the ULN in 83.8% of patients, and above 10-fold the ULN in 26.6% of patients with a substantial response. CONCLUSIONS: Serum concentration of IgA-TTG decreases substantially in most children with celiac disease within 3 months after they are placed on a GFD, but does not normalize in most. This information on changes in antibody concentrations can be used to assess patient response to the diet at short-term follow-up evaluations. Patients with a substantial response to a GFD often still have high antibody levels after 3 months. German Clinical Trials Registry no. DRKS00003854.

  • Viral bronchiolitis management in hospitals in the UK

    14 June 2018

  • Laboratory and molecular surveillance of paediatric typhoidal Salmonella in Nepal: Antimicrobial resistance and implications for vaccine policy.

    14 June 2018

    Children are substantially affected by enteric fever in most settings with a high burden of the disease, including Nepal. However pathogen population structure and transmission dynamics are poorly delineated in young children, the proposed target group for immunization programs. Here we present whole genome sequencing and antimicrobial susceptibility data on 198 S. Typhi and 66 S. Paratyphi A isolated from children aged 2 months to 15 years of age during blood culture surveillance at Patan Hospital, Nepal, 2008-2016.S. Typhi was the dominant agent and comprised several distinct genotypes, dominated by 4.3.1 (H58). The heterogeneity of genotypes in children under five was reduced compared to data from 2005-2006, attributable to ongoing clonal expansion of H58. Most isolates (86%) were non-susceptible to fluoroquinolones, associated mainly with S. Typhi H58 Lineage II and S. Paratyphi A harbouring mutations in the quinolone resistance-determining region (QRDR); non-susceptible strains from these groups accounted for 50% and 25% of all isolates. Multi-drug resistance (MDR) was rare (3.5% of S. Typhi, 0 S. Paratyphi A) and restricted to chromosomal insertions of resistance genes in H58 lineage I strains. Temporal analyses revealed a shift in dominance from H58 Lineage I to H58 Lineage II, with the latter being significantly more common after 2010. Comparison to global data sets showed the local S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi A strains had close genetic relatives in other South Asian countries, indicating regional strain circulation. Multiple imports from India of ciprofloxacin-resistant H58 Lineage II strains were identified, but these were rare and showed no evidence of clonal replacement of local S. Typhi.These data indicate that enteric fever in Nepal continues to be a major public health issue with ongoing inter- and intra-country transmission, and highlights the need for regional coordination of intervention strategies. The absence of a S. Paratyphi A vaccine is cause for concern, given its prevalence as a fluoroquinolone resistant enteric fever agent in this setting.

  • Safety of meningococcal group B vaccination in hospitalised premature infants.

    15 May 2018

    To assess the risk of significant adverse events in premature infants receiving the novel 4-component group B meningococcal vaccine (4CMenB) with their routine immunisations at 2 months of age.In December 2015, Public Health England requested neonatal units across England to voluntarily participate in a national audit; 19 units agreed to participate. Anonymised questionnaires were completed for infants receiving 4CMenB alongside their routine immunisations. For comparison, a historical cohort of premature infants receiving their primary immunisations without 4CMenB or paracetamol prophylaxis was used.Paracetamol use; temperature, cardiovascular, respiratory and neurological status before and after vaccination; and management and investigations postvaccination, including serum C reactive protein levels, infection screens and antibiotic use.Complete questionnaires were returned for 133 premature infants (<35 weeks' gestation) who received their first dose of 4CMenB at 8 weeks of age, including 108 who received prophylactic paracetamol according to national recommendations. Overall, 7% (8/108) of infants receiving 4CMenB with paracetamol had fever (>38°C) after vaccination compared with 20% (5/25) of those receiving 4CMenB without paracetamol (P=0.06) and none of those in the historical cohort. There were no significant differences between cohorts in the proportion of infants with apnoea, bradycardia, desaturation and receiving respiratory support after vaccination.4CMenB does not increase the risk of serious adverse events in hospitalised premature infants. This audit supports the current national recommendations to offer 4CMenB with other routine vaccinations and prophylactic paracetamol to premature infants at their chronological age.

  • Traceability and Supply Chain

    27 April 2018

    Naughton B, Koshkouei M, Smith J, Brindley, D: Traceability and Supply Chain Chapter 8 in Fundamentals of International Regulatory Affairs 10th Edition, 2017. Regulatory Affairs Professionals Society.

  • Regulatory Considerations for Cell-Based Medicinal Products

    12 June 2018

    Halioua-Haubold C, Arshad Z, Brindley D, Smith J: Regulatory Considerations for Cell-Based Medicinal Products. Chapter 28 in Fundamentals of International Regulatory Affairs 3rd Edition, 2017. Regulatory Affairs Professionals Society.

  • Related research

    12 April 2018

  • Links

    27 October 2015

  • In the news ...

    30 June 2017

  • Highlighted Current Studies

    14 September 2015

  • Postgraduate Diploma in PID and MSc

    6 October 2014

    The University of Oxford 2 year part-time course has been designed to provide comprehensive, in-depth training and excellence in paediatric infectious diseases in Europe. The MSc in Paediatric Infectious Diseases is designed to provide an extension to the Postgraduate Diploma in PID. The MSc is a one-year, part-time programme that involves a laboratory-based research project. For further information please visit www.conted.ox.ac.uk/pid

  • Logos for download

    29 March 2018

  • Photos

    6 June 2018

  • About us

    24 September 2014

  • News

    1 January 2012

  • Events

    1 January 2012

    Upcoming events within the Department of Paediatrics

  • Childhood Leukaemia Research Group

    15 February 2016

    We are investigating the link between human fetal haematopoiesis and the origin and biology of childhood leukaemia. In particular, we are interested in the pathogenesis of infant leukaemia, which is a refractory disease that invariably originates in utero.

  • Developmental Haematology and Paediatric Leukaemia Group

    22 September 2014

    We are interested in how the special properties of prenatal stem and progenitor cells provide the permissive cellular context for the development of leukaemia in early childhood. Our particular focus is on leukaemias in children with Down syndrome and the newborn.

  • Paediatric Neuroimaging

    22 September 2014

    Research on the newborn infant pain using neuroimaging

  • HIV Research Group

    12 June 2018

    The Goulder Group focuses on the South African HIV epidemic. The group studies the inter-related roles in HIV infection of CTL escape, viral replicative capacity, the impact of HLA and non-HLA genes on disease outcome, and the evolutionary consequences of these events. A key research interest is in the paediatric HIV epidemic, with the unique insights this presents into mechanisms underlying HIV Cure and HIV Non-Pathogenesis.

  • Developmental Immunology Research Group

    12 June 2018

    This group is headed up by Professor G. Hollander who specialises in the molecular and cellular control of thymus development and function.

  • Oxford Vaccine Group

    12 June 2018

    The Oxford Vaccine Group (OVG) conducts studies of new and improved vaccines for adults and children against diseases including meningococcus, pneumococcus, RSV, influenza, typhoid and paratyphoid. The group is based in the Department of Paediatrics in the University of Oxford at the Oxford Vaccine Centre, Churchill Hospital, and is led by Professor Andrew J. Pollard.

  • Paediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition Group

    6 July 2016

    The Paediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition Group have focussed their research primarily on the nutritional requirements of neurologically disabled children.

  • Mucosal Immunology

    30 November 2017

    The gastrointestinal immune system has evolved to avoid and counteract the invasion of pathogens. To allow a strong inflammatory immune response during infection but avoid tissue damage there is a need for effective immune regulation. Defects in immune regulation lead to immunopathology such as inflammatory bowel disease or celiac disease. In collaboration with the Sanger Center Cambridge and the Wellcome Trust Center of Human Genomics (WTCHG) Oxford we investigate patients with pediatric onset of IBD using next generation sequencing.

  • Neonatal Haematology

    12 April 2018

    Neonatal Haematology, headed by Professor Irene Roberts, focuses on understanding blood problems in children with Down syndrome.

  • Healthcare Translation Research Group

    9 November 2017

    The Healthcare Translation Group specialises in the evaluation and development of processes impacting the translation of scientific innovations into clinical and commercial outcomes. The group researches and develops novel therapeutic and diagnostic platforms. It also works in the complementary field of digital health technologies which are utilised to support the rapid deployment of the above platforms. Supported by international philanthropic and industrial funders and research bodies, the Healthcare Translation Group undertakes interdisciplinary research delivering real-world impact in regenerative medicine (cell, gene, immuno-therapies and tissue engineering), vaccines, gene editing technologies and digital health – this includes medicines optimisation and supply chain security.